Influence of eating with distractors on caloric intake of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional controlled studies.

Eating habits developed during childhood can be perpetuated along life and contribute to the emergence of disorders. We aimed to investigate the influence of distractors during experimental meals on the energy intake of children and adolescents. We followed the PRISMA guidelines and the study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021259946). The PICOS strategy consisted of children and adolescents (P), exposed to distractors during meals (I), compared with no distraction (C) and the outcome was energy intake (Kcal) (O) evaluated in crossover and parallel randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (S). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Proquest, Embase, and LILACs databases. We employed RoB 2 tool and NutriGrade. Databases searches returned 9,576 references. Thirteen articles were selected (five crossover and eight parallel RCTs). Volunteers aged 3 to 17 years-old. All studies evaluated TV as distractor. Most studies presented high/moderate risk of bias. Meta-analysis of parallel RCT indicated no significant difference in energy intake while eating with TV (MD = 0.05; 95% CI -0.13 - 0.23, P = 0.57), with moderate certainty level. In conclusion, under laboratory conditions, eating with distractors seems to barely alter energy intake for children and adolescents.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2055525 .

Voluntary physical activity mitigates alveolar bone loss in mice with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of voluntary physical activity (VPA) on inflammatory profile and the progression of experimental periodontal disease (PD) in mice. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly distributed into Control; VPA; PD and PD/VPA groups. We registered VPA (total volume of revolutions) and average speed (revolutions/minute) in a free running wheel for 30 days. On the 15th day, animals from the PD and PD/VPA groups received ligatures on the upper second molars bilaterally. On the 30th day animals were euthanized, and PD progression was assessed by measuring alveolar bone loss (ABL - the linear distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest on the teeth buccal surface). Gene expression of RANKL (kappa nuclear factor B receptor) OPG (osteoprotegerin), IL-1ß (interleukin 1 beta), IL-6 (interleukin 6) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) were evaluated by real-time PCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction - relative gene expression). RESULTS: The total volume of physical activity and the activity speed decreased along the seven days after ligature-placement (p < 0.05), returning to a similar pattern in relation to VPA group. Ligature placement produced significant bone resorption, and increased RANKL, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α expression. VPA reduced ABL (p < 0,05) and the expression of TNF-α and IL-1ß, whereas increased OPG expression. CONCLUSION: Animals induced to PD with access to the VPA wheel presented both lower gingival inflammation and less alveolar bone resorption in comparison to animals without access to the wheel.

Yeast Beta-Glucans Ingestion Does Not Influence Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Studies.

Dietary fiber supplementation has been studied as a promising strategy in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to verify whether the consumption of yeast beta-glucan (BG) favors weight loss in obese and non-obese rodents. The PICO strategy was employed, investigating rodents (Population), subjected to the oral administration of yeast BG (Intervention) compared to animals receiving placebo (Comparison), evaluating body weight changes (Outcome), and based on preclinical studies (Study design). Two reviewers searched six databases and the grey literature. We followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021267788). The search returned 2467 articles. Thirty articles were selected for full-text evaluation, and seven studies remained based on the eligibility criteria. The effects of BG intake on body weight were analyzed based on obese (n = 4 studies) and non-obese animals (n = 4 studies). Even though most studies on obese rodents (75%) indicated a reduction in body weight (qualitative analysis), the meta-analysis showed this was not significant (mean difference -1.35 g-95% CI -5.14:2.45). No effects were also observed for non-obese animals. We concluded that the ingestion of yeast BG barely affects the body weight of obese and non-obese animals.

Effects of ß-Glucans Ingestion on Alveolar Bone Loss, Intestinal Morphology, Systemic Inflammatory Profile, and Pancreatic ß-Cell Function in Rats with Periodontitis and Diabetes.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ß-glucan ingestion (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the plasmatic levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), alveolar bone loss, and pancreatic ß-cell function (HOMA-BF) in diabetic rats with periodontal disease (PD). Besides, intestinal morphology was determined by the villus/crypt ratio. A total of 48 Wistar rats weighing 203 ± 18 g were used. Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg) and periodontal inflammation, by ligature. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 2 × 2 × 2 (diabetic or not, with or without periodontitis, and ingesting ß-glucan or not). The animals received ß-glucan by gavage for 28 days. Alveolar bone loss was determined by scanning electron microscopy (distance between the cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest) and histometric analysis (bone area between tooth roots). ß-glucan reduced plasmatic levels of TNF-α in diabetic animals with PD and of IL-10 in animals with PD (p < 0.05). ß-glucan reduced bone loss in animals with PD (p < 0.05). In diabetic animals, ß-glucan improved ß-cell function (p < 0.05). Diabetic animals had a higher villus/crypt ratio (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ß-glucan ingestion reduced the systemic inflammatory profile, prevented alveolar bone loss, and improved ß-cell function in diabetic animals with PD.

Exercise attenuates alveolar bone loss and anxiety-like behaviour in rats with periodontitis.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of physical training on inflammatory and behavioural parameters of Wistar rats with periodontal disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty four animals were distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial design (with and without exercise, with and without PD). Trained animals swimmed one hour daily during 8 weeks. PD was induced by ligature 14 days before the end of experiment, and in the last week, all animals were submitted to the Marble Burying Test. Histomorphometric analyses of the mandibles and expression of cytokines were conducted by Western blotting. We also evaluated the morphometry of hippocampal astrocytes using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody. RESULTS: Physical training attenuated bone loss and epithelial attachment loss levels of rats with PD. Trained animals with PD presented lower TNF-α expression in periodontal tissues while IL-10 was increased. TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was lower in trained animals with PD compared to those with induced periodontitis. PD increased anxiety-like behaviour, and physical training attenuated this parameter. Exercise increased the ramifications of hippocampal astrocytes in rats without PD. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise decreased anxiety behaviour, inflammatory proteins expression and bone loss in rats with PD.

Effects of six weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic physical training on metabolic and body parameters of Wistar rats: a pilot study

Physical training in animal models promotes changes that can be extrapolated to humans, due to physiological similarities between these species. Thus, the use of rodents submitted to exercise becomes feasible due to the possibility of analyzing variables that would not be admissible in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of six weeks of swimming, at moderate intensity, on physical and physiological parameters of Wistar rats. Twelve animals were divided into two groups (trained and non-trained). The trained animals were subjected to six weeks of aerobic training in water with 5% of body weight load. The results between groups were compared by the t test (p < 0.05). The variation in body weight was lower in the trained groups. Food and water consumption were higher in the animals submitted to physical training. The relative weight of heart and kidney were higher in trained animals, with no differences in the liver and gastrocnemius relative weight. The gastrocnemius muscle fiber diameter did not differ between groups. The training promoted an increase in the percentage of protein in the carcass and a decrease in body fat percentage, as well as in the diameter of the epididymal region adipocytes. Additionally, the training promoted increased levels of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL-C) and decreased levels of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TAG). It was concluded that six weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training is sufficient to promote improvements in the metabolic profile, weight control, and reduce body fat and increase the protein content in the carcass of rats

El entrenamiento físico en un modelo animal promueve cambios que se pueden extrapolar a los seres humanos, debido a las similitudes fisiológicas entre estas especies. El uso de roedores sujetos a ejercicio se vuelve factible debido a la posibilidad de analizar variables que no serían aceptables en los seres humanos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de seis semanas de natación a una intensidad moderada en parámetros corporales y fisiológicos de ratas Wistar. Fueron divididos doce animales en dos grupos (entrenados y no entrenados). Las ratas entrenadas fueron sometidas a seis semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico en un medio acuático con una carga relativa a un 5% de su peso corporal. Los resultados entre los grupos se compararon por t-test de student (p < 0,05). La variación de la ganancia de peso corporal fue menor en los animales entrenados. El consumo de agua y alimentos fue mayor en los animales del grupo sometidos a entrenamiento. El peso relativo del corazón y de los riñones fue mayor en los animales entrenados, sin diferencias en el peso relativo del hígado gastrocnemio. El diámetro de las fibras del musculo no difirió entre los grupos. El entrenamiento provoco un aumento en el porcentaje de proteína en la carcasa y una disminución en el porcentaje de grasa corporal, así como en el diámetro de los adipocitos de la región del epidídimo. Además, el entrenamiento provoco un aumento de los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL-C) y una disminución de los niveles de lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL-C) y triacilgliceridos (TAG). Se concluye que seis semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico a una intensidad moderada es suficiente para promover mejoras en el perfil metabólico, control de peso, reducir la grasa corporal y aumentar el contenido de proteínas en la carcasa de las ratas

El ejercicio físico como coadyuvante inmunológico: una revisión / Physical exercise as immune adjuvant: review

El uso de coadyuvantes para aumentar el efecto de vacunas ha sido el foco de varios estudios de investigación en el campo de la salud. Sin embargo, algunas sustancias con potencial coadyuvante pueden tener efectos secundarios con una alta toxicidad por lo que son necesarios métodos menos invasivos y más eficaces para realizar esta función. Varios estudios, investigando los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre diversos parámetros inmunológicos, han mostrado que la práctica de ejercicio físico de ciertas intensidades provoca mejoras en la respuesta inmune y que incluso puede actuar como coadyuvante exógeno inmunitario, por lo que puede ser una herramienta importante para aumentar la eficacia de la respuesta inmune después de la vacunación. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los estudios que demuestran cómo diferentes tipos, intensidades, y duración de ejercicios físicos pueden actuar como coadyuvantes inmunitarios. Para ello se seleccionaron estudios que investigaron los efectos de diferentes protocolos o modalidades de ejercicio sobre la eficacia de la inmunización después de la vacunación, tanto en humanos como en modelos animales. En cuanto a la intensidad del ejercicio, hay un consenso de que las actividades con intensidad moderada aumentan la eficacia de las vacunas, mientras que las intensidades ligeras no tienen tal efecto. Entrenamientos únicos de ejercicio de fuerza de los miembros superiores han demostrado ser eficaces para la inmunización de jóvenes, mientras que para las personas mayores, tal eficacia se observó con la práctica regular de ejercicios aeróbicos a una intensidad moderada. La literatura estudiada permite afirmar que hay evidencia de que el ejercicio físico se puede utilizar como un complemento de la vacunación, especialmente en la vacunación en ancianos (AU)

The use of adjuvants in order to enhance the effect of vaccines has been the focus of several research studies. However, some substances with the potential of being used as adjuvants may exhibit high toxicity and side effects. In this sense, new methods which are less invasive and more effective to perform this function are being developed. Thus, several studies have investigated the effects of exercise on immune parameters. It is suggested that physical activities can improve the immune response and may even act as exogenous adjuvants, increasing the host’s immune response efficiency after vaccination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the literature in order to find out how different types, intensities and duration of exercise can act as adjuvants for immunization. To this end, studies that investigated the effects of different exercise modalities or protocols were selected, all of them investigating the effectiveness of immunization after vaccination, both in humans and in animal models. Regarding exercise intensity, there is a consensus that moderate activities increase the efficacy of vaccines, while light intensities do not cause any effect. Acute sessions of resistance exercise for upper limbs demonstrated to be effective for immunization of young people, while for the elderly, such efficacy was observed with the regular practice of aerobic exercise at a moderate intensity. In conclusion, from what has been observed in the literature, it seems to exist some evidence that physical exercise can be used as a complement to vaccination, especially when it comes to immunization of the elderly (AU)